diagnostic challenge of pandemic H1N1 2009 virus in a dengue-endemic region: a case report of combined infection in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

It is difficult to distinguish dengue fever from other febrile illnesses in a dengue-endemic area. This issue was compounded during the H1N1 2009 pandemic of influenza, which also presents as a febrile illness. This first laboratory-confirmed case of co-infection with dengue and influenza A H1N1 2009 strain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, highlights the importance of considering co-infections because not only is influenza an ongoing concern in Jeddah, but several viral hemorrhagic fever viruses circulate in this region

Prevalence of parasites in house-files from diffrent areas of Lahore

The Presence of a large number of. house-flies is a direct indication of the poor sanitary conditions of a particular locality. In the insanitary localities the usual features have been found to be the presence of heaps of refuse and filth scattered here and there due to indiscriminate defaecation, open kitchen wastage, open latrines, meat shops and slaughter houses. In the present study 14,400 house-flies were collected from six insanitary and six sanitary areas of Lahore over a period of one year. The frequency from insanitary and sanitary areas was 21% and 13.98% for the cysts and 16.66% and 10.75% for ova respectively. The frequency of the cysts and ova was found to be significantly higher [P<0.001] in the insanitary areas. It is recommended that sanitary conditions should be improved to minimize the population of house-flies in Lahore

Evaluation of distrips, direct gram stain and pyuria as screening tests for the detection of bacteriuria

Two hundred and fifty cases of clinically suspected urinary tract infection were analysed for the detection of bacteriuria. Parameters studied included direct Gram staining, pyuria on microscopic examination of uncentrifuged urine and di strip method for the detection of blood, protein, nitrite and leucocyte esterase. Significant bacteriuria [colony count 10[5] per ml] was found in 112 cases with a positivity ranging from 65 to 83% for the presence of blood, protein, nitrite and leucocyte esterase. Highest positive predictive values were obtained with the presence of nitrite and leucocyte esterase [98%], blood, protein and nitrite [94%] as well as with blood, protein, nitrite and leucocyte esterase [98%] Both pyuria and direct Gram staining were positive in 85% cases. The combined presence of both these parameters gave 100% positive predictive value. Gram staining combined with pyuria was more effective and economical as compared to the dipstrips for the detection of bacteriuria